??? ????? ???? ?? 991 ???????? 4 ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? (PLA) ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? PLA ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2000? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? 2060 [1].
??? ????? ????? 9% ??? ?? ??? 400 ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? [2]. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? 91% ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????. ????? ??????? PLA ?? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????.
??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? PLA ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????.
?? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? (PLA)? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??????? PLA ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????:
- ??????? ?????: ?????? ????? PLA ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? (????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????).
- ?????? ??????: ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? (????? ????????) ??? ?????? ????? (?????? ??????) ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????????.
- ???????: ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? - ????? ????? ?????????????? - ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????????.
- ????? ????????: ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????.
- ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? (PLA). ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? PLA ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????.
???? ??????? ???????? ???????? PLA
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? PLA ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????-??-?????????? (PBAT) ??????? ???????? ??????? (PBS).
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| ?????? ?????? ????????? | ???? ????? ????? ??????? PLA ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. |
| ??? ???? | ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? |
| ???? ?????? ????? ?????? | ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? PLA ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. |
| ??? ????????? | ?????? ??????? PLA ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? |
| ??????? ????? ??????? | ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????. |
| ???? ????????? ????? | ????? ??????? PLA ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? |
| ???? ?? ????????? ???????? | ?????? ??? ??????? PLA ?? ??? 201 ???????? ??? 301 ???????? ??? 301 ???????? ??? 4 ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. |
????? ??????? ??????
??? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? (DuPont) ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1932? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? [3]. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? PLA ?? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? PLA.
2002: ??? ?? ????? ????? NatureWorks ???? 70,000 ??
???? ???? NatureWorks ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? PLA ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? (??????? ?????? ???????) ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
??? ??? ???? NatureWorks ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2002 ????? ??????? ???? 70,000 ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 2015. ??? ??? 2023? ????? ???? NatureWorks ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? [4]. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? 75,000 ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????.
??? ???? ???? NatureWorks ?? ????? ??????? PLA ????? ???? 5,000 ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 10,000 ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2017. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? Hengtian ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? PLA ???? 10,000 ??. ??? ???? ???? COFCO ????? ?????? ???? ??????? PLA ???? 10,000 ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????.
2016: ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? PLA ?????? ?? ??????
??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? PLA ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? (APF) ?? Arburg? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? PLA ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? PLA ??????? ???????.
?? APF ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? PLA ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? [5]. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????.
??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? PLA ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????.
2024: ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? PLA ????????
?????? ??? 2024? ?? ?????? PLA ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????-??? ?? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? PLA ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? 55 ???? ????? ??? 60 ???? ????? [131-140 ???? ????????]? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????.
??? ????? ?????????? ????????? PLA ??? ??????? 8 ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? 8 (TRL 8)? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? PLA ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? TRL 8 - ????? ???? ??? TRL 9 ?? ??? ????????.
?????? PLA ?? PLA ?? PBAT ? PBS
????? ?? ?? ??????? PLA ????? ???????? ???????-??-?????????? (PBAT) ????? ???????? ??????? (PBS) ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????.
PBAT ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?1,4-???????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
??? ????? PBS ?? ??? ????????? ?1,4-???????????. ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????.
?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? PLA ? PBAT ? PBS
| ??????? | ??????? PLA | ??????? PBAT | ??????? PBS |
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| ???? ????? ??????? | 302o??? ??? 356oF | 230o??? ??? 266oF | 212o??? ??? 266oF |
| ??? ???? | 50 ??? 70 ???? ?????? | ?? 17 ??? 24 ???? ?????? (???? ??????? ??? 47 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????-?? ?? 2 ????????) | 30 ??? 50 ???? ?????? |
| ??????? | ????? ???? ???? ??? (???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????) | ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? | ????? ?????? ???? |
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??????? PLA ?PPAT ?PBS ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (CH3). ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? (PET). ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????.
????????? ??????? ???????? PLA
??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? PLA ????? $200? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? $2. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
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????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? PLA ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? PLA ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? PLA ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? PLA ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???:
- ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????.
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????? ??????? PLA ??????? ??????
????? PLA ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.
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- ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? PLA ?? ???? ????.
- ???? ??????? ???? ??????? PLA ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.
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???? ????? ??????? ????? 92 ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? [6]. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? PLA ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? PLA ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???:
- ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? PLA ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.
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- ???? ????? PLA ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????.
- ???? ????? PLA ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????.
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?????? ?????? PLA
?????? ??????? PLA ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? PLA ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? PLA ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.
????? ??? PLA ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? PLA ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? PLA ?? ???:
- ??????? ??????: ???? ????? ??? ????? 110 ???? ???????? ??? 120 ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? 4 ??? 6 ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.
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?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? PLA ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????.
??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????.
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| ???? ????? ????? | 180 ???? ???????? ??? 220 ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? |
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| ???? ????? | ????? ?? ???? 150 ??/????? ??? 300 ??/????? ??????? ???????? |
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??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? PLA.
??????? ?????????
???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??:
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- ????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????.
- ???????: ????? ????? PLA ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.
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????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? PLA. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??:
- ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????.
- ???????: ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? PLA ??? ???????? ?????? ???????.
- ?????? ?????: ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????.
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??? ???? ??????? PLA ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? PLA.
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???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? PLA. ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? PLA ????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? PLA? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? PLA ???? ???????.
????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
??? PLA
??? ??? ??????? PLA ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ?? ??? 2023? ???? ???? ?? 130 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? [7].
?????? ??????
???? ???? Mordor Intelligence ?? ??? ??? ??????? PLA ?? ??? 2025 ???? 2.59 ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 6.45 ????? ?? ????? ??? 2030 ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? 20% [8].
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? PLA ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 675.8 ???? ?? ?? ??? 2023. ???? ???? ??? PLA ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? $1.5 ????? ????? ?? ??? 2023? ??? MarketsandMarkets ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? $3.3 ????? ????? ????? ??? 2028 [9]. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? PLA? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????.
??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? PLA ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? 2024? ????? ???? Futerro ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? PLA. ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? PLA ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????.
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?? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? PLA ???????? PBAT ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? $2.33 ?????????? (???? ??? ????) ??? $2.86 ?????????? (??????)? ????? ????? Business AnalystIQ [10]. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? $1.03 ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? $1.58 ?????????? ?? ??????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? PLA? ??? ??? PLA ? TPS ?? PLA ? PBAT? ?? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? PLA ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????.
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? PLA ????? ???? 2025 - 2030 ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? [11].
??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? - ????? ??? PLA.
???????: ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????
| ABS | ?? ?? | ???? ?????? ??????? | ? | ?????? ?????????? | ??????? ???? | ?????? |
| ??? | ? ? ? ? ? | ??? | PBT | PSU | PPS | ?.? |
| PPO | PPA | TPU | TPE | ????? ???? |
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[1] ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. (n.d.).??????? ?????????. ?? ????????? ?? 4 ????? 2025? ??
[2] ?????? ??????. (2024).???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????.?
[3] ??????? ?. (2023).???? PLA ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????.?
[4] NatureWorks LLC. (2023? 18 ??????/????? ?????).????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????[???? ????].?
[5] Maintz, M., Tourbier, C., de Wild, M., C., Cattin, P. C., Beyer, M., Seiler, D., ... & Thieringer, F. M. (2024). ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????: ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????.
[6] ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. (2023? 30 ????/????).???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????[???? ????].?
[7] ?????????. (n.d.).???? ????????? ??? ??????. ?? ????????? ?? 4 ????? 2025? ???
[8] ????????? ??????. (2023). *????? ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? - ??????? ????? ????????? (2025-2030)*.?
[9] MarketsandMarkets. (2023). *??? ??? ???????????? (PLA) - ?????? ?????? ??? ??? 2028*.?
[10] Business AnalystIQ. (n.d.).????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? (PLA). ?? ????????? ?? 4 ????? 2025? ???
[11] Chval, Z., Raz, K., & Silva, J. P. A. B. (2023). ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.









