??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 19?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????.
??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????.
?? SPI, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? SPI. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.
VDI ???? ??? (????? ????????? ???????). ????? ????? VDI ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? VDI ??? ????? ????? “ROUGH” ?? ??? ?? ??????? SPI ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? “???????”. ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????.
??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????
????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????: ??????? ???????? ???????.
Surface roughness: the small irregularities found in the surface geometry making the surface feel abrasive and granular. They can be so tiny making the surface appear mirror-like or bigger and more organized like sand. Roughness affects the textures and appearance of the finished product.
Lay defines the machining elements that occur from the direction in which the tool or machine moves to create a surface. It can be perpendicular, parallel, crosshatched, radial, multidirectional, parallel, or isotropic and is typically created upon the course of production.
Waviness is a word used to describe the more significant, macroscopic difference in a surface that corresponds to its flatness. These imperfections are larger than the roughness length but are small, regular, and short enough to be regarded as flatness faults. Occurs as a result of machining errors from deflection or chatter as well as wrapping from heating and cooling.
Clear and coherent communication between industries is facilitated by the existence of international standards for characterizing and assessing surface finish quality. Standards formed by reputable organizations the American Society for Testing and Materials (), the International Organization for Standardization (), and the German Institute for Standardization () aid in the establishment of a shared understanding of product surface finish across producers, consumers and prospective inspectors. Compliance with relevant standards is important in establishing the appropriate surface finish for plastic products that you require.
????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.
??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? EDM ? CNC. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? SPI ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ????? ??????? ??????
?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????:
- ?????? ?????? ???????? - ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????.
- ?????? ????????: ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????.
- ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? - ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????.
- ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? - ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????.
- ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
- ????? ???????: ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????.
- ?????? ???????: ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????.
- ?????? ???????: ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????.
?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????: SPI ?VDI
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? SPI ?VDI.
????? ????? SPI: ??????? ?????????? ???????????
???? ??????? ?????? SPI ?????? ????? ???? (????? ????? ?????????) ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ?? 12 ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? 4 ???? A ?B ?C ?D. ???? ????? ????? ????? (RA) ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? SPI.
??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? RA ??????????? (????????). ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? 3.20 RA ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? SPI.
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? (PIA)? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? A1 (????????) ??? D3 (?????? ?????). ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? 12 ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? SPI.
????? ?? ????? A
???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????? SPI ??????? ?? ??????? A? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????.
| ????? SPI | ????? | ????? ??????? | ????? ????? Ra (????????) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A-1 | ???? ??????? / ???? ?????? / ???? ?????? | ?????? #3? 6000 ??? ????? ??????? 6000 | 0.012 ??? 0.025 |
| A-2 | ???? ??????? / ???? | ?????? #6? 3000 ??? ????? ???????? 3000 ??? ????? | 0.025 ??? 0.05 |
| A-3 | ???? ??????? / ???? | #15 ???? #15? 1200 ??? ????? ??????? 1200 | 0.05 ??? 0.10 |
??? ???? ?? ????? B
???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ?? ??????? SPI ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? A ?? SPI. ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????.
| ????? SPI | ????? | ????? ??????? | ????? ????? Ra (????????) |
|---|---|---|---|
| B-1 | ??? ???? - ???? | ??? ????? 600 | 0.05 ??? 0.10 |
| B-2 | ??? ???? - ????? | ??? ????? 400 | 0.10 ??? 0.15 |
| B-3 | ??? ???? - ??? - ??? | ??? 320 ???? 320 | 0.28 ??? 0.32 |
????? C ??? ???????
Similar to class B but coarser, used for products that require a medium level of roughness to hide product defects and improve grip. A particular grit of sanding stone tool is utilized for every C-level SPI finish. Are the most economical and popular surface finish. Ideal for consumer electronics, household goods, and ????????? ???????? ????????.
| ????? SPI | ????? | ????? ??????? | ????? ????? Ra (????????) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C-1 | ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ????? | 600 ??? ??? 600 | 0.35 ??? 0.40 |
| C-2 | ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ?????? | ??? 400 ??? 400 | 0.45 ??? 0.55 |
| C-3 | ???? ?????? ??? ????? - ???? | 320 ??? ????? 320 | 0.63 ??? 0.70 |
???? ?? ????? D
????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????.
| ????? SPI | ????? | ????? ??????? | ????? ????? Ra (????????) |
|---|---|---|---|
| D-1 | ???? ???? | ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? #11 | 0.80 ??? 1.00 |
| D-2 | ???? ????? ?????? | ?????? ???????? ????? #240 ????? | 1.00 ??? 2.80 |
| D-3 | ???? ???? | ?????? ???????? ????? #24 ????? | 3.20 ??? 18.0 |
????? SPI ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??????? SPI ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? SPI ???? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????.
?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? VDI ?????? ???????? ??????????.
VDI 3400 ?? ???? VDI 3400 ??????? ???? ????( )? ????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??? 45 ?????? ??????. ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? (EDM) ??????? 3400 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? EDM. ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? VDI 3400 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???.
??? ????? ??????? ?? 45 ?? #0 ??? #45 ????? ????? VDI 3400 ??????
| VDI 3400 | 搁础/Μ惭 | 搁础/Μ滨狈 | ?3-?10 | ISO1302/RT ΜM | RMS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.10 | 4.00 | N3 | 4.90 | |
| 1 | 0.112 | 4.48 | 5.50 | ||
| 2 | 0.126 | 5.04 | 5.90 | ||
| 3 | 0.14 | 5.60 | 6.90 | ||
| 4 | 0.16 | 6.40 | 7.90 | ||
| 5 | 0.18 | 7.20 | N4 | 8.90 | |
| 6 | 0.20 | 8.00 | 9.90 | ||
| 7 | 0.22 | 8.80 | 10.80 | ||
| 8 | 0.25 | 10.00 | 12.30 | ||
| 9 | 0.29 | 11.20 | 13.80 | ||
| 10 | 0.32 | 12.80 | 15.80 | ||
| 11 | 0.35 | 14.00 | N5 | 17.20 | |
| 12 | 0.40 | 16.00 | 1.6 | 19.50 | |
| 13 | 0.45 | 18.00 | 22.00 | ||
| 14 | 0.50 | 20.00 | 24.50 | ||
| 15 | 0.56 | 22.40 | 3.2 | 27.00 | |
| 16 | 0.63 | 25.20 | 31.30 | ||
| 17 | 0.70 | 28.00 | 35.20 | ||
| 18 | 0.80 | 32.00 | N6 | 5.0 | 39.00 |
| 19 | 0.90 | 36.00 | 44.40 | ||
| 20 | 1.00 | 40.00 | 49.30 | ||
| 21 | 1.12 | 44.80 | 54.60 | ||
| 22 | 1.26 | 50.40 | 62.40 | ||
| 23 | 1.40 | 56.00 | 70.30 | ||
| 24 | 1.60 | 64.00 | 12 | 78.00 | |
| 25 | 1.80 | 72.00 | N7 | 88.20 | |
| 26 | 2.00 | 80.00 | 98.90 | ||
| 27 | 2.20 | 88.00 | 16 | 109.20 | |
| 28 | 2.50 | 100.00 | 123.90 | ||
| 29 | 2.80 | 112.00 | 138.50 | ||
| 30 | 3.20 | 128.00 | N8 | 20 | 153.70 |
| 31 | 3.50 | 140.00 | 175.50 | ||
| 32 | 4.00 | 160.00 | 197.50 | ||
| 33 | 4.50 | 180.00 | 25 | 218.80 | |
| 34 | 5.00 | 200.00 | 248.60 | ||
| 35 | 5.60 | 224.00 | 277.90 | ||
| 36 | 6.30 | 252.00 | N9 | 37 | 306.20 |
| 37 | 7.00 | 280.00 | |||
| 38 | 8.00 | 320.00 | |||
| 39 | 9.00 | 360.00 | 46 | ||
| 40 | 10.00 | 400.00 | |||
| 41 | 11.20 | 448.00 | |||
| 42 | 12.60 | 504.00 | N10 | 60 | |
| 43 | 14.00 | 560.00 | |||
| 44 | 16.00 | 640.00 | |||
| 45 | 18.00 | 720.00 | 85 |
???? ?????? ??? VDI 3400 ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.
????? ??????? ?????? ??????: ???? ?????? ?? SPI ?VDI
???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? SPI ?VDI ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.
- Product finishing requirements: determine the precise surface finish of your product. VDI scale offers better possibilities if a roughness level is desired while SPI may be more helpful if more finishing is essential.
- Intended use: for instance, industrial components may benefit from higher VDI numbers texture whereas if its consumer electronics high gloss SPI A-class.
- Time and Cost: SPI finishes, the more polishing required, the more cost is and time-consuming as compared to VDI surface finishes.
- Material and mold design: For example, steel produces better finishes than aluminum, and surface quality can be affected by the injection molding plastic selection. Other important considerations include the presence of additives and the melting temperature.
???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.
????? ????? is the amount of taper for molded or cast pieces’ perpendicular to the parting line. Injection molding designs typically require draft angles but some soft materials like nylon are exceptional. Every design process should consider drafts from the beginning because it’s an integral part of design for manufacturing.
Why is Draft Angle Important?
- ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????.
- ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????.
- ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
- ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????.
- ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.
?????? ??? ??????? SPI ? VDI.
| SPI Surface Finishes | VDI Surface Finishes |
|---|---|
| ??????? ??? ??????. | ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. |
| ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? (A1-D3). | ?????? ????? ???? (VDI 0-45). |
| ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. | ?????? EDM ?? ??????? EDM ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. |
| ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. | ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????. |
| ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? | ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? |
????? ????? ??????? ?????? SPI ? VDI
Advantages of SPI Surface Finishes
- ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????. (???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????).
- ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????/??????
- ????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
Limitations of SPI Surface Finishes
- ???? ?? ???? ?????? - ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
- ????? ?????? ??????? - ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????.
Advantages of VDI Surface Finishes
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????.
- ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? - ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
- ?????? ?? ??? ??????? - ????? ????? VDI ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.
Limitations of VDI Surface Finishes
- ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? SPI ???????? ???????? VDI ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
- ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? SPI.
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