????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????.
????? ????? ??????
???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? 419.5 ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????.
??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? Zamak 3? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? 280 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? (6.6-6.8 ??/?? ????) ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????.
?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? (??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????) ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????.
??????: ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????
| ????????? | ????? 3 (?????) | 6061 ???????? 6061 | ????? ????? ????? 304 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ??? ?????? (MPa) | ~280 | ~276 | ~215 |
| ???? ???????? (???? ?????) | 387-426 | ~660 | ~1400 |
| ??????? (??/?? ????) | ~6.7 | 2.7 | 8 |
| ?????? ???? (????) | ????? | ????? | ???? |
| ?????? ?????? | ????? | ????? | ????? |
| ?????? ??????? ????? (???????) | ??? | ????? | ????? |
????? ????? ???????? ????????
??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???:
1. ????? ???? (???? 3? 5? 7)
???? ????????? ??????? ????? Zamak ??? ????? ????? ???????. ????? Zamak 3 ??? ?? ???? ?? 4 % ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? Zamak 3 ??? ?? ???? ????? 330 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? 280 ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? 10% ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????.
??????: ?????? ?????????? ??????? 3
| ???? 3 | ?????? |
|---|---|
| ???? ????? ???????? - ???? (?????) | 390 °C |
| ???? ????? ???????? - ?????? (?????) | 380 °C |
| ??????? (?????? ??????) | ≈3.5 ??? ?????? ?? ??????? 400 ???? ????? |
| ?????? ?????? (%) | 1.20% |
| ??? ???? ?????? (???? ??????) | 280 ???? ?????? |
| ??? ?????? (????? 0.2%) | 210 ???? ?????? |
| ????? ???? | 86 ???? ?????? |
| ????????? ??? ????????? | 11% |
????? Zamak 5 ??? ???? ????? 1%? ??? ???? ????? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? 350 ???? ?????? ?91 ??? ???????. ?????? Zamak 5 ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.
??????: ?????? ?????????? ?????? 5
| ??????? ?????????? | ???? | ????????? |
|---|---|---|
| ??????? | 6.7 ???/?3 | 0.24 ???/????? |
| ???? ?????? (???????) | 380 - 386 °C | 716 - 727 °F |
| ????? ?????? ??????? | 27.4 ????????/? - ???? ????? | 15.2 μin/?? - ° ???????? |
| ??????? ??????? | 109 ???/? ?? 109 | 756 ???? ?????? ???????? - ????/???? - ??? ???? - ???? ???????? |
| ???????? ?????????? | 6.54 Ω - ?? ??? 20 ???? ????? | 2.57 Ω - ?? 68 ???? ???????? |
| ??????? ??????? (????? ????????) | 110 ???/?? | 4.7 × 10? ???? ?????? ????????/??? |
| ????? ???????? ??????? | 419 ???/??? - ???? ????? | 0.100 ???? ?????? ?????? ????????/??? - ???? ???????? |
| ????? ???????? | 0.08 | – |
??????: ?????? ??????????? ?????? 5
| ?????? ??????????? | ???? | ????????? |
|---|---|---|
| ??? ???? ?????? | 331 ???? ?????? (270 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????) | 48,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? (39,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????) |
| ??? ?????? (????? 0.2%) | 295 ???? ?????? | 43,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? |
| ??? ??????? | 52 ??? (56 ??? ?? ?????) | 38 ????? - ??? (41 ????? - ??? - ??? ?? ?????) |
| ??? ???? | 262 ???? ?????? | 38,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? |
| ????? ??????? | 96 ???? ?????? | 14,000,000,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? |
| ?????? ?????? ?????????? | 600 ???? ?????? | 87,000 ??? ??? ???? ????? |
| ??? ??????? | 57 ???? ?????? | 8,300 ??? ??? ???? ????? |
| ????????? ??? \(F_{????}\) | 2% | – |
| ????????? ??? ????? | 3.6% (13% ???? 13%) | – |
| ??????? | 91 ????? | – |
Zamak 7 ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.
2. ????? ZA (ZA-8? ZA-12? ZA-27)
???? ????? ZA? ???? ???? ???????? ???? Zinc-Aluminium? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ZA-8 (8% Al). ????? ??? ???? ZA-8 ????? 380 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? 100? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????.
????? ????????? ZA-12 (12% Al) ?ZA-27 (27% Al) ??? ?????? ????. ????? ZA-27? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?? 410 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 120. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ZA-12 ? ZA-27.
??????: ?????? ??????????? ?????? ZA
| ????????? | ZA - 8 | ZA - 12 | ZA - 27 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ????? ?????????? (%) | 8 | 12 | 27 |
| ??? ???? (???? ??????) | ~380 | ~400 | ~410 |
| ??? ?????? (MPa) | ~290 | ~330 | ~360 |
| ??????? (?????) | ~100 | ~110 | ~120+ |
| ??????? (??/?? ????) | 6 | 5.6 | 5 |
| ?????? ???? (????) | ??? | ????? | ???? |
??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????.
??????? ????? ??????? ???????
???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? Zamak ?ZA? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? 200 ???? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? Zamak 3 ????? 380 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? 150-180 ???? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? (??? A356-T6) ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? (??? PEEK). ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 200 ???? ?????.
???????? ??????? ?????
??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? 6.6 ????/?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? (????? 2.7 ????/?? ????) ??????????? (????? 1.8 ????/?? ????). ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?=?/? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? 2.4 ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????.
??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ZA-27 ??? ??? 410 ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (>1000 ???? ??????) ?? ????? ?????????? (??? ???? ??????? Ti-6Al-4V? ~900 ???? ??????). ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???.
?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? 5 ??? 10 ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????.
??????: ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????
| ????????? | ????? ????? (Zamak/ZA) | ????? ?????????? | ??????? (????? (Mild/HSLA) | ?????????? (Ti - 6Al - 4V) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ??????? (??/?? ????) | ~6.6 | ~2.7 | ~7.8 | ~4.5 |
| ???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???? ?????) | <150 | ~250 | >500 | >400 |
| ??? ???? (???? ??????) | 280 – 410 | 250 – 350 | 400 – 1200 | ~900 |
| ?????? ????? ???????? | ????? | ????? | ????? | ????? ???? |
| ???? ?????? ???? ?????? (???? ????) | <??? ?? 10 ??? | ??? 30 ??? ??????? | ??? ???? (?????/??????) | ??? ???? (?????/??????) |
????? ??????? ???????
????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????:
?? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ± 0.05 ??. ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? (- ~ 419.5 ???? ?????) ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 1,000,000 ????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? (0.3 ?? ???????)? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? (Ra ≤ 1.6 ???????? ??? ?? ?????) ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (<1 ????). ????? ???? ??????? ??:
?????? ?????? (~ 0.5-1.5 ????? ??????? ???????) ???????? ??????? ?????? (~ 116 ???/?-?) ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ± 0.01 ??. ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? 90%? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? Zamak 3 ?ZA-27.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? 82-120 HB ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? (Ra ≤ 0.8 ????????). ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? (~ 116 ???/?-?) ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???.
| ?????? CNC | ????? ????? | ????? ?????????? |
|---|---|---|
| ??????? ??????? ?? (??) | ±0.01 | ±0.02 |
| ??? ????? (Ra? ????????) | ≤ 0.8 | ≤ 1.6 |
| ???? ?????? ??????? (%) | >90 | ~65 – 80 |
| ????????? ????????? | ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? | ??????? ????????? |
????? ?????
???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? (????? 419.5 ???? ?????)? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? H13 ?? P20 ????? ???? ?? 1,000,000 ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? (0.5 ???? - 1 ????)? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????.
???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? (????? 30-100 ?/?????) ????? ????? ?????? (90-150 ???? ?????)? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ?????
???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????. ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (??????? ~ 500-700 HV)? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????. ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 1-5 ?????/??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 160-200 ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?? 1000 ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????.
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (??? ???????? ?????? ???????) ???? ???. ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????.
??????: ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????
| ??? ??????? | ?????? ???????? (????????) | ??????? ???????? | ????????? |
|---|---|---|---|
| ?????? ????????? ??????? | 5-25 | ?????? ??????? ??????? | ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? |
| ???? ?????? ????????? | 0.5-5 | ?????? ?????? ???????? | ??????? ????????? ????????????? |
| ???? ??????? | 60-120 | ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? | ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? |
| ?????? | 20-50 | ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? | ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? |
| ???? ????? ???????? | <1 | ?????? ??????? ????? | ????? ??????????? ????????? |
???? ??? ??????: ????? ???????????? ???????????
???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? Zamak 3 ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? Zamak 3 ???? ?? ??????? (260-440 ???? ??????)? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? (??? 1.0 ??)? ??????? ????? (~ 0.7%). ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? 0.3 ?? ?????? ??? ???? 1 ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????.
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? 500 HV ????? ???? ???? ????? 10 ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???.
??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????
???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? (Zamak 3 ?? ZA-8)? ?????? ??????? (???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????)? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???). ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????. ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? STEP (.stp) ?? IGES (.iges)? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? (GD&T) ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (CTF) ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ??? ????????? (?? ????????) ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? (DFM) ??????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 6 ??? 12 ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????)? ???? ?????? ?????? (FAI)? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????.
???????
????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.
??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? FirstMold ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.
?????: ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????
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