??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????.
????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????
????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???, ??? G ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? J ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????.
???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???. ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????????.
??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????
???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????.
??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? (T)? ?????? ???????? (θ)? ???? ?????? (L) ??? ????? ??????
θ = TL/GJ
?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ??? G ?J? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????.
??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????
????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????.
???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????
????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? G ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????.
| ????? ????? (wt%) | ????? ???????? (%) | ?* (???? ??????) | σy(???? ??????) ± 0.5 ???? ?????? | εr(%) ±(80%) | |
| ?? ?? | 0 | 52 | 2.8 | 16 | 1100 |
| ??-?????? | 9.6 | 48 | 3.2 | 16 | 720 |
| PE-??????-?? | 7.7 | 48 | 3.1 | 15 | 720 |
| ???????? ?????? ???????-???????? | 10.3 | 51 | 3.45 | 15 | 910 |
| PE-????????-?? | 9.3 | 53 | 2.6 | 16 | 930 |
| ??-?? ????????? | 8.6 | 49 | 2.8 | 16 | 670 |
| ??-?? ?????????-?? | 9.5 | 49 | 3 | 15 | 740 |
| ??-??-????? | 6.5 | 52 | 2.8 | 16 | 730 |
| PE-C.Gigas-SA | 9.3 | 50 | 3.2 | 15 | 830 |
| ??-??-???????? | 10.8 | 47 | 3 | 16 | 680 |
| PE-P.Maximus-SA | 9.7 | 50 | 3.2 | 16 | 760 |
???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? (UTS) ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
| ?????? | ??? ??????? (???? ??????) | UTS (???? ??????) | ????? ???? (GPa) |
| ???????? | 35 | 90 | 69 |
| ?????? | 69 | 200 | 117 |
| ???? | 75 | 300 | 120 |
| ???? | 130 | 262 | 170 |
| ???? | 138 | 480 | 210 |
| ??????? | 180 | 380 | 200 |
| ???????? | 450 | 520 | 110 |
| ???????????? | 565 | 655 | 330 |
| ????? ?????????? (?????? ?????????) | 380 | 510 | 99 |
| 08Kh18N10T ????? ????? ????? 08Kh18N10T | 216 | 530 | 196 |
| ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 304L | 241 | 586 | 193 |
| SA-508 Gr.3 Cl.2 (????? ????? ????? ???????) | 500 | 700 | 210 |
| 15Kh2NMFA (????? ????? ????? ???????) | 490 | 610 | 220 |
???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.
?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.
??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????
????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? J? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??????? ??????? ????????:
??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????:
? = (πr?)/2
??? ???? ‘r’ ??? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????. ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????.
???? 1
???? 1
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? r = 5 ?? ????? L = 1 ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? G = 80 GPa.
- ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????
- ????? ??????? ??????????
- ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? T=50 ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? θ
????
闯=(π谤4)/2=π(0.05)4)/2=3.07×106?4骋闯=80×10×109×3.07×106=245.6 ????? ???2θ=TL/GJ=(50×1)/245.6=0.204 radians
????? ????? ??????? ?????:
??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????:
J = (ab?)/3
??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????.
???, a ? b ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
???? 2
????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? 20 ?? ?? 10 ??? ?????? 3 ?????? ?????? ???? G = 75 × 109 ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????????? GJ ?????? ???????? θ ??? ????? ??? ????? T=2000 ????? ???.
????
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? J ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????:
?=(??3)/3=(0.1×0.23)/3=2.67×10-4
????? ???????? GJ=75×109×2.67×10-4=2×107???????2
????? ????? ???????? ???????
θ=(2000×3)/(2×107 =1.5×10-4 ??????
??????? ??????? ??????? ????????:
??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? I ??????? T. ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? - ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????:
?= ?(?)o4-ri4)/2
??? ?o ??? ????? ???????? ? ri ?? ??? ????? ???????.
???? 3
????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ‘r’ = 5 ??? ???? ????? ??????? ‘b’ = 3 ??? ?????? ‘L’ = 2 ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? G = 70 G GPa.
- ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? J
- ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? GJ
- ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? T=30 ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? θ
????
闯=π(谤o44-ri4)/2=π(0.054>0.034) /2=2.18×2.18×106<4骋闯=70×70×109×2.18×10-6=152.6 ????? ???2θ = TL/GJ=(30×2)/152.6
??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????
????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? 80 ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????.
??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 0.5 ??? 3 ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???????.
??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
?????? 1: ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?????????
| ??? ?????? | ???? ??? ?????? | ????? ???? (G) ????? GPa | ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? (J)( ×10-6m4 | ??????? ?????????? (GJ) ?? ???????2 | ??????? ??????? (???/??) | ????????? ??????? |
| ???? | ??????? (AISI 1045) | 80 | 5 | 400 | 7050 | ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? |
| ???? | ???????? (6061-T6) | 26 | 4 | 104 | 2700 | ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????? |
| ???????? | ?????? ??????? (HDPE) | 0.8 | 3 | 2.4 | 950 | ???????? ???????? ?????? |
| ???????? | ???? ??????? (PC) | 2.3 | 3.5 | 8.05 | 1200 | ????? ??????? ????? ???????? |
| ???? | ???? ??????? ????????????? | 100 | 6 | 600 | 1600 | ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? |
| ???? | ???? ??????? ????????????? | 25 | 4.5 | 112.5 | 1850 | ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? |
??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????
??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????
???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????
??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????.
???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????.
??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????.
????? ?????? ???????????? ???????
???? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ‘Galloping Gertie’ ?? ??? 1940 ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????.
???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????????
???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????.
???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????.
???????
???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.
????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????????.
??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????.
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