天美影院

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It aids in determining the preservation of the lifespan of materials, minimizing adverse economic effects, and increasing safety in various fields. Such an understanding provides industries with measures and strategies to reduce the degradation rate of the materials, thus enhancing the durability of critical components. This, in turn, decreases the costs of repair and replacement. Implementing corrosion prevention best practices globally could yield significant savings, estimated between 15-35% of the cost of damage, translating to US$375 billion to US$875 billion annually^[1]. It is essential to regulate these phenomena to prevent catastrophic failures that can endanger lives in necessary fields such as construction and transport. Additionally, this knowledge creates innovations, such as developing new materials that do not corrode easily. It assists in making better and more sustainable product formations, as it is an enabler of change.

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1. ?????? ????????

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E_??????=E⁰_{????? ??????}-E⁰_????-(RT/nF) ln([Ox]/[Red] )

E_??????=??? ??????? E⁰=??????? ????? ????????, R=???? ????? =???? ?????, T= ???? ???????? ?=??? ??????????? ????????? ? F ?? ???? ???????.

2. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????

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???? ?????? ∝ [Cl^–]e^(-?G/RT)

?? ??? ???????? Δ? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, R ???? ?????? ? T ?? ???? ???????.

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The effects of corrosion are shared across the industrial value chain, across most, if not all, industries that use metals. The impact of this menace on economies is that industries lose several billion dollars every year due to corrosion. The global cost of corrosion is estimated at US$2.5 trillion, equivalent to 3.4% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2013, with some estimates suggesting it now exceeds US$3 trillion annually^[1]. The loss includes the cost of maintenance and replacement of structures experiencing corrosion, production loss due to corrosion, and other related effects. Deteriorated safety, reliability, and durability are some of the impacts of corrosion. Corrosion can cause sudden failure of structures, transport, and utilities like bridges, pipelines, and aircraft. Structural integrity diminishes under corrosion owing to the high risk of sudden failure.

Regarding the physical environment, corrosion leads to hazards such as releasing hazardous material from corroded pipelines and storage tanks and reinforcement concrete structures in civil engineering structures. This effect has subsequent dangers to the physical and human environment. To address these challenges, engineers use various methods of corrosion control. Such methods include a selection of anti-corrosive materials and coatings, cathodic protection applications, and corrosion inhibitors, all requiring corrosion knowledge. The market for corrosion protective coatings, a key mitigation strategy, was valued at USD 20.59 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 33.28 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 7.4% ^[2].

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? → ?ⁿ⁺+?^–

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?? →??²⁺+2e^–

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4Fe+3O₂→2??? ????????₂O₃

?? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? (Fe) ?? ???????? (O?) ?????? ????? ?????? (Fe?O?)? ??? ?????.

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2??+??₂? → ????₂? + ??₂

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???? ?????? (Fe) ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? (O?) ?? ???? ????? (H?O) ?????? ?????? ?????? (2) (Fe??O).

?? →??²⁺+2e^–

????? ????????? ??????: ?????? ?????? Fe?? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? (Fe(OH)?).

??²⁺+2H₂O+O₂→贵别(翱贬)₂

????? ????????? ??????: ??????? ????????? ?????? (II) ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? (III) (Fe(OH)?).

4Fe(OH)₂+O₂+2H₂O →4Fe(OH)₃

????? ?????: ??? ????????? ?????? (III) ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? (III) (FeO(OH))? ???????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????????.

4Fe(OH)₂→??? ????????₂O₃ .3H₂O

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[1] NACE International – International Measures of Prevention, Application, and Economics of Corrosion Technologies (IMPACT) study

[2] Grand View Research – Corrosion Protective Coatings Market Size Report, 2030; [3] Grand View Research – Corrosion Inhibitors Market Size, Share | Industry Report 2030