??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????
???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????.
????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????
?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 1 ?? ??? 1.02 ?? (0.040 ????).??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? 1 ?? - 1.02 ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????.
| ????? | ?????? ?????? ?? |
|---|---|
| ??????? ?????? | 1 ?? ??? 3.8 ?? (0.040 ??? 0.150 ????) |
| ???? ????? | 0.5 ??? 0.6 ??? ??? ?????? ??????? |
| ??????? ??????? | 1 ?? ?????? ???? 250 × 250 × 300 ?? |
| ????? ????? | 0.6 ?? ??? 2.0 ?? |
| ????? ?????? ??????? | 4 ?? ??? 25 ?? |
| ????? ????? ?????? | 0.4 ?? ??? 1.2 ?? |
?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????
???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???.
?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? (HSS) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????.?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????:
- ???? ???? ????? ????????: ???? ????? ???????? ???????? HSS ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????.
- ???? ?????: ???? ??? ???? 1,000 - 2,000 ???? ?? ???????.
- ??????? ???????: ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????.
- ???????: ????? ??????.
- ????? ??????: ??? ???? ??? ????? 15 ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????.
- ??? ??????: ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? 0.5 ?? ??? 1 ?? ?????? ???????.
?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????
????? ?????? (??? ???? ??????? P20) ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????.????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????.
| ????? ????? ?????? | ??????? |
|---|---|
| ??? ??????? | ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? |
| ??? ??????? | 70% ?? ????? ?????? |
| ????? ?????? | ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? |
| ????? ????? | 0.5o – 1.0o (1.0o – 3.0o ??????? ???????) |
| ??? ??? ??????? | ≥ 0.125 ???? (3 ??) |
| ???? ????? ????? | 80oC - 100oC (100oC - 130oC ?????? ??????? ???????) |
| ??? ??????? | 0.03 ?? ??? 0.06 ?? |
?? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????
??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????.????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????.
| ?????? | ??????? ?????? ??????? |
|---|---|
| ??????? ???????? | ?????? ????? ????? (??? ????? ≥ 1.3 × ??? ??? ??????) |
| ???? ?????? ????? ?????? | ≥ 1.5 ?? (0.06 ????) |
| ??? ????? | ???? ??? 3-4 × ??? ?????? 3-4 |
| ??? ?????? | ≥ 2.5 - 3.0 ?? (0.1 ????) |
| ??? ?????? | ≤ 5 × ??? 5 |
| ?????? | M6 ?? ????? ??? ?????? 2-3 × ????? |
| ???? ?? ?????? | ?????? 5 ??? ???? 0.3 ??? ???? ??? 0.5 ?? |
| ????????? ??????? ??? | ± 0.1 ?? ?? ???? ????? |
| ??????? ????? | ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? |
?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????
????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? 1 ??? 2 ???? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? 0.5 ???? ??? 1 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????.??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (??? 3o ?? ????) ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????:
- ?????? ??????? ?? ???????: 1o ??? 2o
- ???????? ?? ??????? ???????: 2o ??? 3o ??????? ???? ???? ?? 25 - 50 ??
- ?????? ????????: 1.5o – 2o ??? ???? ??? 0.025 ?? ?? ??? ??????
- ???? ????? ??? (????? ????? ?????): 1.5o – 2.5o ?????? ? 3o ??? 5o ????? ?????.
????? ?????? ???????? ???????
?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????.????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (10-18 ?? ?? ??????) ???? ??????? ?? ???????.
- ????? ?????: ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? 3 ?? - 10 ?? ?????.
- ????????: ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????.
- ???? ????? ???????????: ????? ??????? ??????? (<3 ??).
- ??????? ???????: ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
- ???? ?????: ?????? ????? ??????
??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.- ??????? (?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????: ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 150 ??? 200 ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? 400 ??? 600 ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? 1,000 ??? 2,000 ???.
- ????? (?????? ??????? ???????): ???? ??????? ?????? 45 ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
- ????? (?????? ??????? ???????): ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
- ??????? (?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????): ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? (????????). ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 121 ???? ?????oC (250oC). ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????:
- 093″ (2.4 ??): ~????? 4 ?????
- 118″ (3 ??): ~????? 6 ?????
- 150 ″ (3.8 ??): ~????? 8 ?????
- 177″ (4.5 ???): ~????? 12 ????
- 236″ (6 ??): ~????? 24 ????
?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????.?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????.
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????
????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????.?????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? (≈ 400oC - 425oC) ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
?????? ?????????: ?? ????? ????? ??????? (DCM) ??? ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.
?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????.????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???:
- ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????????: ??? ??????
- ????????: ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? (MEK) ????????
- ???????? ?? ??????? ???????
- ???????? ???????: ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????
- ??????? ???????
- ???????? ?? ????????
- ?????? ????? ??????
?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????
???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???:
- ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
- ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
- ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
- ???? ??????? ??????? ??????
- ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????
?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????
????? ????????
?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????
????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (???? 260 - 310 ???? ?????? ???? 100 - 120 ???? ?????). ????? ???? ?????? (110 - 12 ???? ????? ???? 4 ??? 6 ?????) ???? ?????? ???????.| ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? | ????????? ?????? ??? |
|---|---|
| ???? ??????? | 30 - 80 ??/????? (???? ????) |
| ????? ????? | ????? ??????? |
| ???? ????? ?????? | 260 – 310oC |
| ???? ????? ?????? | 100 – 120oC+ (??? 160oC ??????? ????????) |
| ??????? | ???? ?? ?????? |
| ???? ?????? | ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? |
| ??????? ?????? | 80oC ??? 120 ???? ?????oC ???? 4 ??? 6 ????? |
?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????
???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
| ???????? | ??????? |
|---|---|
| ???? ????? ??????? | 120oC (248oC) |
| ??? ??????? | ?? 4 ??? 5 ????? |
| ??????? ????? ??????? | 0.02% |
| ???? ????? ??????? | 280oC - 320oC (536oF - 608oF) |
| ???? ????? ????? | 80oC - 120oC (176oF - 248o????????)? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? |
| ??? ????? | 850 - 1400 ???/?? ????2 |
| ????? ??????? | ?? 30% ??? 60% ???? ????? |
| ???? ????? | ????? ??????? (???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????) |
| ????? ?????? | ?????? |
??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.???? ??????? 60% ??? 80% ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? 2 ???? ????? ??? 5 ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
| ??????? | ??????? ??? ??? ?????? |
|---|---|
| ????? ????? ??????? | ????? ???? |
| ????? ????? ?????? | ????? ???? |
| ???? ?????? ?????? | ????? |
| ??????? ?????? | ????? |
| ??????? | ????? |
??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????
????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????.??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? FDM? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? (100oC - 130oC)? ???????? ?????? (???? ?? 20 ????) ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.
??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????.
??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????.?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????.
?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????
?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? 0.5% ??? 0.7%.?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? 90-95% ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????.
?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????
???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????.| ????? ?? ??? ???????? | ?????? ?? |
|---|---|
| ??????? | ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? |
| ????? ?????? | ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? |
| ??????? | ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? |
| ??????? ?????? | ?????? ????? ?????? |
??????? ?????? ????????
??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????
?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? 600 ??? 800? ?? ????? ??? 1,000 ??? 1,500.
??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????
???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????.
??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????
???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.????? ?????? ??????? 6 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????.
- ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? 3-5 ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????
- ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 2-3 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????
- ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????
- ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????
??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????.????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.
?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??????)?
?? ??????? ??????? (???????) ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.| ??????? | ????? ??????? | ?? ??? ???? ???? |
|---|---|---|
| ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? | ??? ?????? ?? ??????? | ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? |
| ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? | ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? | ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? |
| ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? | ????? ???? | ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? |
| ??? ????? ??????? ?????? | ????? ?????? ?? ?????? | ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? |
??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????
???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????.?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? “??? ?????? ?????” ?? “?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????” ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????.